Nanotechnology in Quantum Computing

Question: Examine about the Nanotechnology in Quantum Computing. Answer: Territory of Research Project The Quantum figuring is the calculation framework, which includes the quantum mechanical marvels to execute the unpredictable computations. Quantum figuring is the arrangement of registering by applying the superposition and trap forms (Wolf, 2015). The exploration undertaking will concentrate on the development of new age PC, which will be in the possession of the clients very soon. The future PC will be unique in relation to the current day PC, which utilization of silicon chips and data transmission variety. This pattern will be changed very soon, when the PCs will be framed with applying the nanotechnology. As opined by Barends et al. (2016), the work areas and the PCs will at that point be changed over into wooden pegs and balls connected to sticks by strings. This nanotechnology will recoil the size of the silicon chips and will improve the registering velocity and force with equal handling. On the off chance that the processing rate will be expanded, at that point individuals can have the option to finish their works inside brief length. It will empower them to play out different assignments inside somewhat residency and will help in the improvement as well. Along these lines, this exploration venture will reveal insight into the utilization of the nanotechnology in the quantum figuring. The advantages of utilizing this new figuring framework will empower to speed up the individuals in future. This examination task will clarify the application system of the nanotechnology and its application on the quantum figuring to create the future PCs. Theoretical establishment of the point The science has propelled itself all the time and has reached in this much with the assistance of the innovation of PCs. PC has made the existence exceptionally simple for the individuals to play out any work. The exploration will dissect the movement of the PCs until present. The past PCs, which were designed from the first to fifth era, have been taking a shot at the double computerized electronic calculations (Veldhorst et al, 2014). Interestingly with this, the quantum PCs are chipping away at the quantum calculations introduced by different researchers. The most talked about researcher on this point is Peter Shor, who has introduced a quantum calculation to ascertain the prime components of huge numbers. Accordion to Hameroff, (2014), this estimation procedure will relies upon the quantum bits of the PC. Nonetheless, it is restricted by Weber et al. (2014), utilizing this calculation in the different quantum frameworks some of the time not encourages the client to utilize a specific measure of quantum bits in an adaptable manner. The future quantum PCs won't chip away at the standard of double frameworks, which utilize just the 1s and 0s, rather it will utilize the qubits or quantum bits (Barends et al, 2016). The intensity of attractive powers at a subatomic scale will permit running free the exponential intensity of future PCs. Researchers and scientists have been dreaming for the man-made reasoning and computational neural systems (Veldhorst et al, 2014). In the wake of creating these quantum calculations, the fantasy can be valid in the truth. The speed of handling has made the processing quicker and it store the information with the control of particle pivot. The primary accomplishment of this nanotechnology was discovered when the universes littlest transistor was worked in 2012 by exact situating of only a 0.5 nanometre single phosphorus molecule. It was a progressive advance to push ahead to the most recent improvements in the registering. As per Barends et al. (2014), the ongoing progressions incorporate the two parts of the quantum innovation, its conduct and different headways. Extent of exploration The exploration task will uncover the degree for the development of future PC, which will lessen the presentation time of the clients. The future PC will empower the clients to register complex figurings inside a restricted period just as will likewise diminish the psychological contribution of the clients. It will be inspected whether the utilization of nanotechnology can bring forth the computerized reasoning, which will change the world just as the human culture. It has dissected, on the off chance that the future PCs will be created by utilizing the quantum calculations, at that point those Future PCs won't have the RAM or DRAM. Rather than these, it will be made of MRAM (Magnetoresistive Random Access Memory) (Wolf, 2015). Moreover, the utilization of qubits and qubytes will build the handling power exponentially. Alongside this, the current day gigaflops will be supplanted by the teraflops, exaflops, petaflops and lumaflops (Hameroff, 2014). The exploration task will likewise e dify the correspondence framework, which will lessen the geopolitical limits. It will likewise start the space travel; improve the clinical innovation and consistently to-day action. This task can be utilized as optional source in future. References Barends, R., Kelly, J., Megrant, A., Veitia, A., Sank, D., Jeffrey, E., ... Chen, Y. (2014). Rationale doors at the surface code edge: Superconducting qubits ready for issue open minded quantum computing.arXiv preprint arXiv:1402.4848. Barends, R., Shabani, A., Lamata, L., Kelly, J., Mezzacapo, A., Las Heras, U., ... Chen, Z. (2016). Digitized adiabatic quantum figuring with a superconducting circuit.Nature,534(7606), 222-226. Hameroff, S. R. (2014).Ultimate figuring: biomolecular cognizance and nanotechnology. Elsevier. Veldhorst, M., Hwang, J. C. C., Yang, C. H., Leenstra, A. W., De Ronde, B., Dehollain, J. P., ... Dzurak, A. S. (2014). An addressable quantum dab qubit with issue lenient control-fidelity.Nature nanotechnology,9(12), 981-985. Weber, B., Tan, Y. H., Mahapatra, S., Watson, T. F., Ryu, H., Rahman, R., ... Simmons, M. Y. (2014). Turn bar and trade in Coulomb-kept silicon twofold quantum dots.Nature nanotechnology. Wolf, E. L. (2015).Quantum nanoelectronics: a prologue to electronic nanotechnology and quantum figuring. John Wiley Sons.

My Favorite Highway free essay sample

It appears that once in an extraordinary while, youll discover of immaculate possibility a tune or a craftsman that truly evokes an emotional response from you. You hear that originally beat or vocalists pitch and its over. Your heart strings are as of now directly in order and you can chime in. This is the thing that you find in My Favorite Highway, a lesser known yet quick rising elective band. From their catchier energetic tunes (Bad Habits and They Tried to Kill Chivalry, however We Brought It Back) to their sweet, significant piano and acoustic songs (Calendar Marks and Bittersweet Life) theres something here for everybody. Each state of mind meets its ideal match through this band. In addition to the fact that they display astounding ability as performers, yet additionally as lyricists. From their most famous hit Bigger Than Love-If youve ever heard a thumping heart, A musicality for the melodies were too hesitant to even consider singing Nobody here is superbly fine, A sensiti ve casing, a delicate structure and from Calendar marks-Ive succumbed to my biggest dread, The schedule denotes that I lost an entire year, Three-sixty-five, scarcely alive, Grace took as much time as necessary to show up you can see that their verses are real and deep yet additionally infectiously singable. We will compose a custom exposition test on My Favorite Highway or then again any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Comprised of 4 men from Fairfax, Virginia, the band was framed when the lead artist, Dave Cook, left school since he was feeling â€Å"uninspired† and chosen to seek after his melodic vocation with his cousin and low pitch guitar player, Will Cook. Brimming with promising ability, this band will probably be the following huge thing. That is, if genuine ability is as yet unmistakable and acknowledged. Cheerful tuning in.

Treating Psychosis With Typical Antipsychotics

Treating Psychosis With Typical Antipsychotics Bipolar Disorder Treatment Medications Print Treating Psychosis With Typical Antipsychotics Early Generation Drugs Still Used in First-Line Therapy By Marcia Purse Marcia Purse is a mental health writer and bipolar disorder advocate who brings strong research skills and personal experiences to her writing. Learn about our editorial policy Marcia Purse Updated on August 18, 2019 Purestock / Getty Images More in Bipolar Disorder Treatment Medications Symptoms Diagnosis Typical antipsychotics sometimes referred to as first-generation antipsychotics, are a class of psychotropic drug used to treat the symptoms of psychosis. Psychosis is defined as a behavior in which a person loses touch with reality, often manifesting with hallucinations and delusions. Typical antipsychotics have largely been supplanted in recent years by a newer class of drug known as atypical antipsychotics. Atypical antipsychotics were first introduced in the 1990s and generally have fewer side effects than their predecessors. However, evidence suggests that atypical antipsychotics are not as unencumbered by side effects as once believed. In fact, they are more likely to cause type 2 diabetes, weight gain, and tardive dyskinesia (a neurological disorder characterized by involuntary, repetitive body movements). By contrast, typical antipsychotics are more likely to cause Parkinson disease-like rigidity and spasticity (sometimes permanent). Despite the possible side effects, typical antipsychotics still have their place in the first-line treatment of certain mental illnesses as well as in subsequent therapies when other drugs fail. Conditions Associated With Psychotic Episodes Psychosis can be caused by psychiatric or physical illnesses that affect the brain and behavior. The mental illnesses most commonly associated with a psychotic episode include: Bipolar disorderSchizophreniaPost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)Psychotic depressionPostpartum psychosis The physical conditions most commonly associated with psychosis include epilepsy, advanced HIV infection, Parkinson’s disease, stroke, brain tumors, aging-related dementia, and methamphetamine abuse. Approved Typical Antipsychotics Typical antipsychotics were first developed in the 1950s to treat psychosis. The usage of the drugs has since been expanded to include acute mania, agitation, and other serious mood disorders. Depending on your symptoms, the doctor may choose to use a low-potency, medium-potency, or high-potency typical antipsychotic. Generally speaking, high-potency antipsychotics are more effective than low-potency ones since the latter require higher doses to achieve the same effect. This is not always the case, of course, and the choice of drug depends as much on its appropriate use as its potency. In the end, typical antipsychotics are not one-size-fits-all. As such, treatment should always be individualized, although it may take several attempts before you hit upon the right drug combination. Low-potency typical antipsychotics include: Serentil (mesoridazine)Thorazine (chlorpromazine)Truxal ( chlorprothixene) Medium-potency typical antipsychotics include: Loxitane (loxapine)Moban (molindone)Navane (thiothixene)Trilafon (perphenazine) High-potency typical antipsychotics include: Clopixal (zuclopenthixol)Compro (prochlorperazine)Depixol (flupentixol)Haldol (haloperidol)Majeptil (thioproperazine)Mellaril (thioridazine)Moban (molindone)Orap (pimozide)Prolixin (fluphenazine)Serentil (mesoridazine)Stelazine (trifluoperazine) Side Effects of Antipsychotics Side effects can vary based on the drug or combinations of drug used. Some of the side effects may be mild and short-lasting; others can compound over time and increase the risk of other undesirable effects. The biggest concern is the risk of extrapyramidal side effects (EPS), the tell-tale side effects that affect body movement and speech. In the past, the term Thorazine shuffle was coined because of the impact the drug had on movement and muscle control. The range of EPS can vary and may include: Acute dyskinesias (movement disorders characterized by involuntary muscle movements, tics, and diminished voluntary muscle control)Akasthisia (a feeling of inner restlessness and inability to stay still, often referred to as the rabbit syndrome)Akinesia (loss or impairment of voluntary movement)Dystonic reactions (intermittent and involuntary contractions of the muscles of the face, neck, trunk, pelvis, and extremities)Parkinsonism (a group of neurological disorders that cause movement problems similar to Parkinsons disease, including tremors, slow movement, and stiffness)Tardive dyskinesia (often involving involuntary and repetitive facial movements, including sticking out ones tongue, grimacing, or making chewing motions) Other, less debilitating side effects include upset stomach, weight gain, dry mouth, blurry vision, constipation, vomiting, drowsiness, and orthostatic hypotension (low blood pressure when standing up). In rare cases, a life-threatening drug reaction, known as neuroleptic malignant syndrome, may occur, causing high fever, muscle rigidity, altered mental state, and dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system (which regulates heart rate, breathing rate, body temperature, digestion, and body sensations). Overall, EPS will affect three in five typical antipsychotic users to some degree. By contrast, atypical antipsychotics will cause EPS in one in four users. Similarly, high-potency typical antipsychotics are more likely to cause EPS, orthostatic hypotension, and drowsiness than low-potency one. While low-potency typical antipsychotics generally have fewer EPS symptoms, they are more likely to affect the parasympathetic nervous system,  causing abnormally slowed heart rate, low blood pressure, blurry vision, dry mouth, and breathing constriction. Combination Therapy When used to treat mental illness, antipsychotics are usually prescribed in combination with other drugs, such as mood stabilizers, antidepressants, and anti-anxiety medications. Mood stabilizers are used to help alleviate manic or hypomanic episodes. Options include Tegretol (carbamazepine), Depakene (valproic acid), Lithobid (lithium), and Depakote (divalproex sodium).Antidepressants are used to treat depression and may include any one of six classes of drug: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), and atypical antidepressants.Anti-anxiety medications, also known as benzodiazepines, can help with sleep and anxiety problems but are generally prescribed for a short period of time. Options include Klonopin (clonazepam), Valium (diazepam), Ativan (lorazepam), and Xanax (alprazolam). In addition, the first two-in-one pill called Symbyax (fluoxetine/olanzapine), which combined a typical antipsychotic with an SSRI antidepressant, was approved in 2006 to treat depression caused by bipolar disorder.

Math courses of study

Typical Math Courses of Study See Below For Grade by Grade GoalsAlthough mathematics curricula will vary from state to state and country to country, youll find that this list provides the basic concepts that are addressed and required for each grade. The concepts have been divided by topic and grade for easy navigation. Mastery of the concepts at the previous grade is assumed. Students preparing for each grade will find the listings to be extremely helpful. When you understand the topics and concepts that are required, you will find tutorials to help you prepare under the perspective subjects on the home page. Calculators and computer applications are also required as early as kindgarten. Most curriculum documents request that you are also able to use the corresponding technologies such as software applications, regular calculators, and graphing calculators. For more specific details regarding the math requirements for each grade, you may want to do a search for the curriculum in your state, province or country. Most boards of education will provide you with the details to access the documents. All Grades Pre-K Kdg. Gr. 1 Gr. 2 Gr. 3 Gr. 4 Gr. 5 Gr. 6 Gr. 7 Gr. 8 Gr. 9 Gr. 10 Gr.11 Gr. 12

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Essay about Bridgteon Industries Cost Accounting System

The managerial accounting system at Bridgeton, as it is presented, seems to be lacking detail necessary for efficient analysis. The sections used are sales, direct material, direct labor and overhead by account number, each divided into individual accounts and summed to find totals. There is no separation of fixed and variable costs in any of the accounts, making it difficult to analyze exactly where operations are costing money and, therefore, how they could possibly be improved. The presentation of the information groups all sales together and the different categories of costs together and does not provide for individual product analysis. The products are analyzed (categorized into classes) based on their costs, with no consideration†¦show more content†¦The changed rates are due to the fact that the overhead reported in the accounts is not based solely on variable labor, but rather has other (including fixed) components. It is difficult to predict without more detaile d accounting numbers and without interview employees exactly which of the overhead costs are fixed and which are variable, as well as which account is mixed. In reality, most of the accounts will have both fixed and variable costs. They will have initial costs to get started and ensure that they are available (i.e. fixed costs), and the more they are necessary (used), the more the costs will increase (i.e. variable costs). We can, however, make educated guesses as to which accounts are mostly variable, mostly fixed, and which have much of both (mixed). To do this, we look at two things. First is the cost structure of each account and how they change each year (Exhibit 2). However, it is difficult to estimate based on regression analysis or high-low methods because the change in direct labor is not significant other than between years with production and years with outsourcing. Therefore, we will probably learn more from guessing based on the descriptions of the accounts themsel ves (Exhibit 3). Once we delve into each account, we see that many have a fixed portion. Regression analysis shows largely positive y-intercepts for many of the accounts.

A Basic Analysis Of The Balkan Economy In Relation Essay Example For Students

A Basic Analysis Of The Balkan Economy In Relation Essay To The E 12 Angry Men EssayThere are two opposite theoriesregarding inflation. Monetarism indicates that inflation is due to increasesin the supply of money. The classic example of this relationship is theinflation that followed an inflow of gold and silver into Europe, resultingfrom the Spanish conquest of the Americas. According to monetarists, theonly way to cure inflation is by government action to reduce growth ofthe money supply. At the other end is the cost-pushtheory. Cost-pushers believe that the source of inflation is the rate ofwage increases. They believe that wage increases are independent of alleconomic factors, and generally are determined by workers and trade unions. More specifically, inflation occurs when the wages demanded by trade unionsand workers add up to more than the economy is capable of producing. Cost-pushers advocate limiting the power of trade unions and using income policiesto help fight off inflation. In between the cost-push and monetarismtheory is Keynesianism. Keynesians recognize the importance of both themoney supply and wage rates in determining inflation. They sometimes adviseusing monetary and incomes policies as complimentary measures to reduceinflation, but most often rely on fiscal policy as the cure. Before we can understand the policiessuggested by these different schools of thought, we must look at the historicaldevelopment of our understanding of inflation. For approximately 200 years beforeJohn Maynard Keynes wrote the General Theory of Employment, Interest ,and Money, there was a broad agreement among economists as to the sourcesof inflationary pressure, known as the quantity theory of money2. The Quantitytheory of money is easily understood through fishers equation MV=PY (money supply times velocity of circulation of money equals price timesreal income)Quantity theorists believe thatover an extended period of time the size of M, the money supply, cannotaffect the overall economic output, Y. They also assume that for all practicalpurposes V was constant because short term variations in the circulationsof money are short lived, and long term changes in the velocity ofcirculation are so small as to be inconsequential . Lastly, this theoryrests on the belief that the supply of money is in no way determined bythe economic output or the demand for money itself. The central prediction that cannow be made is that changes in the money supply will lead to equiproportionatechanges in prices. If the money supply goes up then individuals initiallyfind themselves with more money. Normally individuals will tend to spendmost of their excess money. The attempt of people to buy more than theynormally do must result in the bidding up of prices because of the competitivenature of the market, inflation. Also essential to the quantity theoryis the belief that in a competitive market, where wages and prices arefree to fluctuate, there would be an automatic tendency for the marketto correct itself and full employment to be established. In figure 1, w stands for the realwage rate (the amount of goods and services that an individuals money incomecan buy), L d for the demand for labor and L s for the supply for labor. Suppose now that the economic system inherited a real wage rate w 1, Thesupply of labor is L s1 while the demand for labor is only L d1. At thispoint there is substantial unemployment because labor is costly for employersto buy. According to Classicalists, The existence of an excess supply oflabor will lead to a competitive struggle between the unemployed and employedfor the available jobs. This struggle will lead to a reduction of realwages, thus employers will begin hiring more workers. Eventually competitionwill drive down wages to an equilibrium called labor- arket clearance,where the demand and supply for labor is equal; this is We Le. Classicalistsdefine Labor market clearance as the point of full employment. Thus, persistentunemployment can only be explained by a mechanism which interferes witha competitive market. They specifically blame monopolistic trade unionsfor preventing the wage rate from falling to We. Unions may use manythreatening tactics to fight wage cuts. Those m ost effective mentionedin the textbooks are collective bargaining and strikes. The Great depression, as experiencedby the US and the countries of western Europe, cast a shadow over the Classicalapproach to economics3. The self-righting properties of classical economicswere clearly not working when wages and unemployment failed to decrease. Blaming trade unions for these massive increases in unemployment seemedfar fetched. John Maynard Keynes was the firstwriter to produce a non-classical, coherent, and convincing explanationof the inter-war depression. He traced the sources of unemployment to adeficiency of effective demand. Put simply, unemployment occurred whentotal spending on output was not enough to fully employ the available workforce. Effective demand, called expenditures, was split into two groups by Keynes,consumption and investment. Consumption, the purchase of goods and services,far outweighed investment as the major component of effective demand. At the theories core lay Keynesbelief that an economies total production, Y, will eventually adapt itselfto changes expenditures. Moreover Keynes argued that the equilibrium ofwages exist when the output of producers is equal to the amount that consumersand investors are willing to spend on their output. Consider figure 2 Total expenditure,that is the sum of consumption and investment , is measured on the verticaland real income on the horizontal. For practical purposes investment willremain a constant in the graph and be represented by line I. If we addthe consumption function and the investment line, we get the the sum totalexpenditures, line E (E = C+I). For any given amount of expenditures,Y can be located anywhere for a short time. If Y is above E, then producersare simply accumulating unsold stocks of goods. Eventually they will beforced to cut back on production until they can sell their existing stocks,earning capital enough capital to restart production. Conversely, If Yis below E, producers will be selling out of goods. Normally they willincrease production as soon as possible to catch up to the demand and makethe most profit. This is where, the 45 line comes into use. Y, accordingto Keynes, will shift to the point where E intersects the 45 line. When Y intersects E at the 45 line, there is an equilibrium between expendituresand total output, and wages are stable. In order to illustrate how Keynesprinciple of effective demand accounts for unemployment, let us assumethat the economy starts off at full employment where Ld (demand for labor)equals Ls (supply). The label of the output necessary to sustain full employmentis Yf, f denoting full employment. If expenditures were smaller than Yf,than Yf would adjust itself to the left on the graph to accommodate forthis. Because the level of total output has shrunk, the demand for laboralso has, and unemployment has risen correspondingly. If one accepts the Keynesian model,there are generally two things that can be done to raise the level of aggregatedemand to a point where Y adjusts to full employment. Raising governmentexpenditures, G, stimulating private investment, or lowering taxes, raisingconsumption because people will have more money to spend, will both raisethe level of aggregate demand. Both these policies come under the headingof fiscal policy, which is deliberate manipulation of the government budgetdeficit in order to achieve an economic objective. During the great depression, manypeople rejected Keynes ideas on unemployment because they were scaredto be different. The contemporary orthodox view was that cuts in the moneywages would automatically be accompanied by cuts in the real wages, thusraising employment. Classicalists prescribed the government a remedy forunemployment based on implementing money wage reductions. Keynes rejectedthis idea on both theoretical and empirical grounds. After the first World War, collectivebargaining rendered the downward flexibility of wages highly improbable. Any attempts at cutting money wages would be fiercelyresisted, as seen as the 1926 GeneralStrike in Britain painfully demonstrated. Keynes regarded the trade unionsresistance to wage cuts as a product of the rigid structure of wage differentials. This is actually just the relative position of the wages of a particulartype of labor to all others, F.E. mechanics get paid 1$,Electriciansget 2$, plumbers get 3$. If any one group received generally higher wages,other groups would surely demand higher wages to preserve the structure. On the other hand, if a single group wantonly decided to accept a wagecut, other groups would likely not follow. Therefore labor groups vehementlyresisted wage cuts. Theoretically, Keynes believed thatdrops in the money wages would eventually be accompanied by a drops inprices. This balanced deflation would bring real wages, the amount of goodsthat could be bought, to their original amount. Employers would not takeon more workers because their real revenue, amount of goods they sell,would remain unchanged. In order to fully consider this statement,we must first look at the terms used and consider their definitions withrespect to the larger content of the question. We will first consider Positive Economics. A positive economic statement is one which relies on real data, given truestatistics and related directly to a true situation. Following this, wecan say that a normative economic statement is one which is not purelyobjective although it is related to a positive economic situation. Whatthe normantive statement does is to follow on with an opinion which issubjective, biased and based purely on the personal feelings of the speaker. Positive economics is about whatis; normative economics is about what should be.Economics, John B. Taylor, HoughtonMifflin Company, 1995, p.25Now we must consider the definition ofFair. Fair: satisfactory,just, unbiased, according to the rules.The Concise Oxford Dictionary, FifthEdition, Edited by H. W. Fowler and F. G. Fowler, Oxford University Press,1964I propose to return to this deffinitionhaving discussed the first part of the question. When we are dealing with positive economics,we are strictly involved with a clinical procedure of thought and analysiswhere the thought pattern lacks the usual influence of personal bias andemotional charge. Positive economics relate explicitly to the existingsituation based on true data and real facts. It can be expressed as a birdseye view of a real given situation. Since logic is the dominant factorin this thought/perception process, it is natural for positive economicsto be described as what is, because very seldom does a situation occurwhere what is achieves the goal of what should be. The normative side of economics,unlike the birds eye view of positive economics, is a viewpoint from withina given situation. This of course directly involves the personal bias,the subjective opinion ralated to real or given data. Only when perceivinga situation from within, from a specific internal standpoint can you expressthe what should be. The positive unbiased process of factual datalacks the reality of the emotionally charged normative thought processwhere comparisons and conclusions are drawn from a basis of personal criteria. The normative statement need not necessarily be what should be,it can just as easily relate to what should not be, either positive ornegative but it will always be based on a subjective opinion brought aboutby a personal attitude to a positive economic situation. We can therefore look at the givenstatement and immediately see that, although there is undoubtably a distributionof wealth in the United Kingdom, and this is indisputably a positive economicstatement, the hypothesis that it is not fair is purely based on suppositionof the speaker and therefore a normative statement. Dealing with the word fair ingeneral provocates an emotional connotation. There is a direct link ofmeaning with equilibrium, but equilibrium can vary depending on whatangle fair is expressed from. Fair can vary greatly in accordance withits definition. If we consider the distribution of wealth in the UnitedKingdom according to the rules we must ask whose rules. If they are therules of the political party in power, then the distribution is fair. If they are the rules of a Marxist minority party, then the distributionis not fair. In both cases fair is unsed non-normatively. The opinion of the unemployed or the lowersocial orders does not count in this case, as there are no recognised rulesfor these groups of people. Any opinion offerred from them regarding fairis automatically normative. The same will apply if taking into accountthe other officially accepted definitions of the meaning of fair. Therecan be ambivalence about the objective or subjective interpretation ofthe word satisfactory. The word just can also be interpretedboth objectively in a legal connotation and subjectively in a personalconnotation. In a specific case though, for example,The distribution of income in the United Kingdom is not fair., when examinedfrom a positive point of view through the accepted definitions , one canarrive at a conclusion which may very well be Yes, the distribution isfair., but this conclusion can opnly have been derived from an omniperceptive and non-biased angle, if the word fair has been given a formallyaccepted definition. It must also relate in the particular circumstanceto the real statistical data taken into consideration, regarding the realdistribution of wealth in the United Kingdom. If this distribution of income were tobe looked at from a normative angle, there would of course not have beena conclusion such as the one above, the reason being that normative thoughtis personalized thought, and in the real world, which is what normativeeconomics deals with, ones view dramatically differs from anothers, therefore,a statement such as The distribution of income in the United Kingdom isnot fair. would sound more like an opinion rather than a scientific conclusionand would belong to the definitioin Biased and satisfactory. In conclusion to the essay questionregarding fair being used non-normatively, my view is that it is possible. Personal view or preference does not prevent one from appreciating a situationas a whole if looked at from a temporarily neutral and dispassionatestandpoint. For example, one may not particularly like the work of a certainacclaimed writer, but one can appreciate his/her works worth and qualityas an axample of literary expressionism. The given statement for the essayis undoubtably normative. It could, however, have been been madepositive, as could any other statement containing the word fair by definingthe concept of fairness within the terms relating to the reality. Financing a small firm can be achievedin three ways. The most preferable but at the same time the least likelyis self financing from retained earnings, otherwise, the firm will haveto resort to either one of the two following financial markets. Debt capitaland equity capital ( which strictly speaking is the same as retained earnings,both having their advantages and disadvantages. Only after 1979 did clearing banks startmaking loans with a maturity term in excess of ten years. Inthe case of a loan to smaller companies, the fixed interest rates are usuallyset at a premium over base rate ( 3% 6%). Larger companies who have agood credit rating will probably be offerred the premium on the inter-bankrate which is lower than the base rate. Loans are usually securedon the personal guarantee of the Directors or the owner of small companiesand in the case of larger ones, a charge is made against the assets ofthe company. If the charges are fixed, that means that they arelinked with a specific asset of the company. Floating charges aremade on the general assets. All bank loans are based on three elementswhich the company has to be able to satisfy. The interest rate demandedby the bank, the security demanded by the bank and the terms of repaymentwhich are open to individual arrangements between bank and borrower althoughthey usually consist of systematic amortization payments made over thefull time of the loan. A small company will have to ensureits capability of all three in spite of the fact that in comparisonto a larger company, it will be paying a higher interest rate, will berisking security based on the owners personal assets rather than companyassets and repayment terms will probably be more rigid rather thanflexible as banks rightly see the small company borrower as a higher risk. (This is explained later on when discussing the problems faced by the smallcompany in raising finance.)There are sources of loans other thanfrom banks. Companies usually resort to these financial institutionsas a last resort because their interest payments are fixed and if inflationfalls, this will make the borrowing very expensive. These financial sourcescan include pension funds, insurance companies, merchant banks, the EuropeanInvestment Bank and the ICFC. (Investment and Commercial Finance Corporation)There is also the medium term note openas an alternative which is a promisory note issued by the company promisingto pay a specified amount on a specified date. The procedure is forthe company to write the note and then to sell it in the market place. The interest rate can be fixed or may fluctuate and the maturity date ofthe note can be anything from under one year to as long as fifteen years. The small company may issue a debenture,which is a document issued in return for money lent. There are varioustypes of debentures but they all have some features in common. They areusually in the form of a bond, undertaking the repayment of a loan on aspecified date and with regular stated payments of interest between thedate of issue and the date of maturity. These dividends have priorityto be paid before any other dividend is paid to any other class of shareholder. The Companies Acts define the word debenture as including debenture stockand bonds. Often the terms debenture and bond or loan stock are interchangeablealthough I shall mention Bond and Loan Stock a little later on. There are a number of reasons why an investorwould chose debentures in preference to other forms of company financing. The major factor has to do with risk. Debt financing usually hasa fixed maturity. The investor enjoys priority both in interest andin the possibility of the company going into liquidation. In addition,debentureholders receive a fixed return on the investment and if the company doesnot make large profits, will continue to receive the fixed interest ratewhile the ordinary shareholders may have to wait the Boards decision onwhat and how much to pay out. Now we must look at why a company wouldissue debentures. The primary advantage is that the cost of the debtis known and is limited. If the company makes greater profits, theseare not shared out with the debenture holders. The cost of the debtis also limited because the risk of the debenture holders is lower thanthat of the shareholder. Also, and importantly, the interest paymentthat is made to the debenture holder is deductable against tax. Debenture issues are not an unqualifiedbenefit for the company. There are some disadvantages in that assumptionsthat were made ten years ago about the future trading position of the companymight prove to be wrong and the decision for long term debt unwise. Thecompany still has to repay the debt on the date of maturity. A warrant, is in principle, a call optionissued by the company on its own stock.The warrant holder is able to buya specified number of shares at a specified price on a specified date. Problems that face the young company will be discussed later but for acompany without a proven track record, raising finance can be difficult. The warrant can be used as an enticer. Debenture holders have nooption to benefit from the company which performs well but companies cantempt investors to their debenture stock by issuing convertibles or warrentsin return for lower interest rates in the immediate term. (a convertibleis a bond which can be converted to ordinary shares) The most common issuersof warrants and convertibles are risky companies, young companies and thosewhose risk profile is difficult to estimate. In other words, thosewho may not fare so well in the credibility stakes at the bank. The company can issue preference sharesand holders are part owners of the company, but preference shares are closerto loan capital than to ordinary shares.In the heirarchy they come higherthan ordinary shares and lower than debentures. The clear company advantageis that preference shares are a source of long term , though not permanent,finance and that the dividend does not have to be paid if company profitsdo not justify it. Preference shares are not really popular with companiesor investors. In 1993 they were only 7.7% of the total. There are a number of characteristicsshared by small companies which make it difficult for them to obtain funds. Their shorter trading records means that less is kno

A multinational corporation (MNC) is a corporation Essays

A multinational corporation (MNC) is a corporation Essays A multinational corporation (MNC) is a corporation Essay A multinational corporation (MNC) is a corporation Essay Introduction Multinational corporations can be viewed from different positions ( ownership, direction, scheme and structural, etc. ) and have several dimensions. There have been statements in the yesteryear over the importance of each position and theoreticians have shared different positions when it comes to specifying a ‘multinational’ corporation. Franklin Root ( 1994 ) tries to set the statements to rest by giving some lucidity to the definition. Harmonizing to his definition, a transnational corporation ( MNC ) is a parent company that engages in foreign production through its affiliates located in several states, exercisings direct control over the policies of its affiliates and implements concern schemes in production, selling, finance and staffing that transcend national boundaries. ( Howard, 1994 ) In simplistic footings, a MNC is a concern which has production and/or distribution operations in at least two states, via subordinates, keeping companies, joint ventures, licenci ng etc. By and large, because of their munificence, transnational corporations play a powerful function in international dealingss and local economic systems. The survey analyzes one such planetary corporation which plays a major function both in the local economic system and the economic system at the planetary phase. Analysis Indian companies are fast emerging as Global participants with their foreign direct investing and acquisition activities holding gained land in the last twosome of old ages. ( Murray, 2005 ) Tata Group of Companies is one such company which has hit the universe phase large clip with its recent high profile acquisitions and ventures. The Group makes its presence felt today in every continent and over 43 states. The survey examines the growing of Tata Group, its abroad operations, geographic presence and its incursion scheme. Company Profile Tata Group of Companies Tata Group is one of India’s oldest and largest concern pudding stones. The concern spreads across 96 runing companies in seven concern sectors: information systems and communications ; technology ; stuffs ; services ; energy ; consumer merchandises ; and chemicals. It employs some 2,46,000 people and jointly has a stockholder base of over two million and market capitilisation of $ 57.6 billion. ( Web 1 ) It is a genuinely planetary corporation which made concern headlines with its winning command for Corus ( the UK based steel company ) . Some of the Group’s subordinates and its operations are analyzed below. Tata Tea Tata Tea was setup in 1964 as a joint venture with UK-based James Finlay and Company to develop valued-added tea. The group, which includes Tata Tea and the UK-based Tetley Group expands 40 states and is the universe s 2nd largest planetary branded tea operation. ( Web 1 ) The three major location where Tata tea subordinates are based are in India, UK and US. Tata tea entered the UK market with a Joint Venture with Allied Lyons ( proprietors of Tetley ) to make Tata Tea in 1993. ( Web 1 ) Subsequently on, in 2000, Tetley was acquired by Tata tea making one of the largest planetary tea trade names. Tetley, on its ain, sells over 60 branded merchandises and is the taking tea trade name in UK and Canada with important market portions in the United States, Australia, Poland and France. Tetley’s growing scheme focuses on custom-making the portfolio of offerings for each state. While Tetley is headquartered in London, Tata Tetley has an export oriented unit at Kochi in Kerala, India . Tata Tea Inc ( based in Florida, US ) is a subordinate of Tata Tea, established to run into specific demands of wellness witting US consumers. The company has its mill operations in Florida which is used to recycle or intermix instant teas brought from India. Tata tea besides has important presence in plantation activity in Sri Lanka through Watawala Plantations. ( Web 1 ) Tata Tea’s international portfolio of activities is steadily turning its presence in the remainder of Europe, throughout the Caribbean and lesser developed markets such as Bangladesh, Pakistan and Russia where Tetley was launched in 2004. The amalgamate worldwide branded tea concern of the Tata Tea Group contributes to around 86 per cent of its amalgamate turnover. ( Web 1 ) Tata Steel Tata Steel signifiers India s largest incorporate private sector steel company. It was late in the intelligence for its coup detat command for Corus ( the UK based Steel maker ) . Tata Steel successfully won thecoup detatcommand and is now the world’s fifth-biggest steel house. Corus itself was a planetary company formed out of the 1999 amalgamation of British Steel and Dutch group Hoogovens and employed 47000 employees. ( Web 2 ) It had a graduated table of 19 million metric tons and a presence in Europe with a important trade name name. Corus is now an unlisted company and is held by one of Tata Steel s subordinates on a 100-per cent footing. Tata Steel’s other major acquisition before Corus was Singapore’s steel house Natsteel. It acquired Natsteel to give itself a bridgehead in seven states, including Australia. Before thecoup detatof Corus and Natsteel, Tata steel was chiefly a place based company and Corus represents its first enlargement outside of Asia. It does hold has subordinates in Sri Lanka ( ajoint venturewith Lanka Special Steel ) . Tata Steel’s typical advantage lies in the efficiency of its operations and inexpensive altogether stuffs which has earned itself a alone ticket of being the lowest cost steel manufacturers in the universe. Tata Consultancy Services Tata Consultancy Services ( TCS ) is one of the taking information engineering companies in the universe holding over 50 planetary bringing Centres. Its clients include seven of the top 10 corporations in the Fortune 500 list of the largest corporations in the United States, corporations such as IBM, GE etc. ( Web 3 ) Through its consulting services, TSC helps clients to optimise their concern processes to guarantee faster and accurate consequences. It besides provides client such as GE proving integrating and proving solutions. Its outsourcing maps allow companies like IBM to concentrate on their nucleus operations. TCS besides offers cognition based outsourcing for clients like Danone ( France ) through which it spouses to do its IT substructure flexible, scalable, and secure, while maximising public presentation. Tata Motors Tata Motors is India s largest car company which began its fabrication with a 15-yearcoaction understandingwith Daimler Benz of Germany. It is a quickly turning company and like other Tata Group of companies pursues growing through amalgamations, joint ventures and acquisitions. In 2004, itacquiredthe Daewoo Commercial Vehicle Company, Korea s second-largest truck shaper, now named Tata Daewoo Commercial Vehicles Company. ( Rao, 2003 ) Following Year, Tata Motorsacquired a 21-per cent interestin Hispano Carrocera, a reputed Spanish coach and manager maker, with an option to get the staying interest every bit good. This acquisition has made Tata Motors the universe s fifth-largest medium and heavy commercial vehicle maker. It nowexportsvehicles to Europe, Africa, the Middle East, South and South East Asia and Australia and hasassembly operationsin Malaysia, Bangladesh, Ukraine, Kenya and Russia. Some of its other associates include Tata Cummmins ; a joint venture with US based engine maker Cummins, Telco Construction Equipment Company ; a joint venture with Nipponese based Hitachi Machinery for earthmoving and heavy equipments like Cranes etc. ( Web 3 ) Tata AutoComp Systems ( TACO ) Tata AutoComp System is a genuinely planetary engineering company in the automotive sector offering merchandises and services to vehicle and constituent makers every bit good as end-users of cars. It has built its base through partnerships and joint ventures with planetary constituent and vehicle makers. Its three major countries of concern include fabrication, technology and supply-chain direction. TACO has entered into a joint venture with fabrication companies across the universe which include states like Japan, South Korea, US and Germany. Some of its joint ventures are with Johnson Controls ( US ) , Yazaki Corporation ( Japan ) , CHKK ( Japan ) , Ficosa International ( Spain ) , Nifco Corporation ( Japan ) and Stadco ( UK ) ( Web 1 ) Tata BP Solar Tata BP Solar is ajoint venturebetween Tata Power Company and BP Solar, one of the largest solar companies in the universe. It uses state-of-the-art engineering to offer high-quality, advanced solar solutions that cater to the demands of single clients, big establishments every bit good as full communities. ( Source ) Tata BP solar can besides be termed transnational because it exports its merchandises and systems to a host of states and more than half ( 60 % ) of its gross revenues come from exports with more than 95 per cent of the exports traveling to Europe and America. Tata Group’s other large acquisitions list includes the acquisition of South Korean Automaker Daewoo. Daewoo’s domestic market portion has risen from 26 per cent to 33 per cent after the coup detat. ( Newing, 2005 ) Ratan Tata, the president of Tata Group is a steadfast truster in spread outing globally through acquisitions and joint ventures. He advises other Indian companies to turn organically and through amalgamations and acquisitions because he feels that a broader base equips a house against economic downswings. In line with his thought, the Tata Group’s planetary amalgamations hasn’t stopped. It sees the hotel section as the following large chance for growing and is actively seeking to turn its Tata Hotel Group by amalgamations, acquisitions and joint ventures with major hotel groups. Features of a good transnational company Company’s internationalisation and abroad enlargement affect all facets of the concern. For a MNC to be successful, the first measure is to take the right manner of incursion ( Acquisition, Stakeholder, Joint Venture, Licensing etc ) . How a company enters into understanding with the other company is a strategic determination which can take to a successful relationship. Eg. come ining a Chinese market can be really different to the US because Chinese companies and the authorities has greater control over distribution channels which can act upon the incursion scheme. Government ordinances, once more, can play a large portion in taking the best incursion scheme. Eg. Companies can merely keep up to 5-10 % interest in an Indian retail sector harmonizing to authorities ordinances. But, taking the right incursion scheme is merely the first measure and does non vouch success. Other facets such as concern scheme, Research and Development, production, procurance, gross revenues A ; se lling, trade name A ; rational belongings, direction, human resources, financing As ; accounting, IT direction hold to be considered. Companies could besides be required to alter their organisation construction and the manner work is carried out. Eg. A US based company come ining into a joint venture with a Nipponese house may hold to flatten its organisational construction harmonizing to Nipponese demands. Cultural and societal factors besides come into image, particularly, if the amalgamation is between two companies coming from different parts. Eg. Japan and US. All these facets of the concern has to be clearly understood before make up ones minding on a scheme. Decisions Tata Group of companies has been successful because of its model of communicating and value systems which cater to the demands of different demographic groups around the universe. Its experience in diverse sectors has armed it with the ability to visualise the merchandise from the end-users point of view which is critical to any MNC’s success. ( Skapinker, 2005 ) The Group and its transnational subordinates has helped further the development of domestic intermediate good bring forthing houses and has had a positive impact on the development of domestic fabrication houses and later on the Indian economic system. Through its Tata Consultancy, Tata Motors and now Tata Steel trade name, it has shown the manner to other Indian companies who have ever shied away from amalgamations and acquisitions. Taking a cue from Tata Group, other Indian companies have began spread outing their concern overseas. Tata Group have besides contributed to bettering the fabricating state of affairs in India and across the universe through good fabrication patterns. Another ground for its success is its control of abroad subordinates which is much stronger than that of Western companies. The group as a whole is cohesive and integrated which allows it to meet on ends. Ratan Tata ( 2006 ) sums up his Group’s success by saying that the group had allowed the companies that were taken over to retain the face, touch and experience of a local company while still pull offing to incorporate merchandise programs and schemes. Mentions Most of the company specific information was taken from Tata Group’s web site and Company Reports Books and Diaries Howard V. Perlmutter ( 1994 ) , The Tortuous Evolution of the Multinational Corporation, Columbia Journal of World Business, pp. 9-18. Lacity, M.C. , Willcocks, ( 1995 ) L.P. A ; Feeny, D.F. , ‘IT Outsourcing: Maximize Flexibility and Control, ’Harvard Business Review, May-June, pp.84-93 Murray, S ( 2005 ) ‘Managing Relationships’Financial Times, London, 2 June, p.29 Newing, R ( 2005 ) ‘Tactical out Tasking for operational benefits’Financial Times, 1 June, p.4 Prahalad, C.V. A ; Hamel, G. , ( 1990 ) ‘The Core Competence of the Corporation, ’Harvard Business Review, May-June, 79-91 Rao, H. R. , Nam, K. A ; Chaudhury, A. , ( 2003 ) ‘Information Systems Outsourcing, ’Communicationss of the ACM, Vol.39, No.7, pp.27, 28 Skapinker, M ( 2005 ) ‘Changing industry enters fresh era’Financial Times, London, 2 June, p.28 Web sites Web 1:Tata Group( online ) ( cited on 14 March 2007 ) Available from lt ; URL: //www.tata.com/ gt ; Web 2:Tata Corus But Who’s following( online ) ( cited on 14 March 2007 ) Available from lt ; URL: //http: //www.fool.co.uk/news/investing/company-comment/2006/10/19/tata-corusbut-whos-next.aspx gt ; Web 3:Tata Corus( online ) ( cited on 15 March 2007 ) Available from lt ; URL: // hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ft.com/cms/s/887968fa-54d7-11db-901f-0000779e2340.html

Biography of Mary Leakey

Biography of Mary Leakey Mary Leakey was a very important Anthropologist. She was born February 6, 1913 in London, England. Since her father painted, her family moved from town to town on many occasions. She grew up in places such as England, France and Italy. At age eleven, when she lived in Dorgogne, she became interested in prehistory after meeting Abbe Lemozi. Mary's life was very good until 1926 when her father died and she was shipped off to a Catholic convent school. She was expelled many times from the school. Mary later went on to receive a degree in prehistory. She was very determined and usually attended lectures on prehistory at the University of London.Her first career opportunity happened when her artistic abilities were discovered by Dr. Thompson. She asked Mary to illustrate her book, The Desert Fayoum. Then, Dr. Thompson invited Mary to meet Louis Leakey while he was speaking at the Royal Anthropologist Institute.Olduvai Gorge, February 2006He was very impressed by her drawings and asked her to illustrate a book of his, Adam's Ancestors. Louis then left his wife and two children for Tanzania in 1934. Mary and Louis married Christmas Eve 1936. Mary then started to work on excavating Hyrax Hill. She then moved onto the Naivasha Railway Rock. However, she took a break when her first son was born in 1940. Then she took another break in 1943 to give birth to their daughter who died three months later. Again, in 1944 another child was born, Richard Leakey. Another son was also born later in 1949.In 1948, Mary made an exciting discovery. She found the skull and jaw of an apelike creature called Proconsul Africanus. It is dated at 18 million-years-old. Most of the 1950's were interrupted by political problems in Kenya. Although, in 1959, Mary discovered the Australopithecus...

Self-reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Self-reflection - Essay Example A patient can easily cajole a therapist to an extent a therapist assumes the role of a parent for the patient. In this case, the process is unconscious given that the therapist is a social being and does not realize that she has given into the patient’s nagging behavior. Broadly, this is one of the negative effects of counter-transference. The other negative effect of the counter-transference especially during HIV/AIDS patient counseling is compromise of the counselor. The concept helps in counseling because it enhances patient-counselor communication. Counter-transference enables the HIV/AIDS patient to be open to the counselor because of the development of trust and faith upon the counselor. The counselor also automatically listens to the challenges facing the patients because he assumes a friend role. Therefore, counter-transference is vital in counseling of HIV patients. However, counter-transference negatively influences the performance of a counselor because of the subjectivity of the counselors. The film Endgame: AIDS in Black America, AIDS statistics reveal the disparity caused by the scourge on the Black community. The most appalling thing is that half of AIDS victims are Blacks. The film covers the personal stories of the Black AIDS victims. One of the interviewees endured stigma, drugs, prejudice and prostitution. The interviewees confirm that the HIV is a human virus as opposed to the common perception that the virus was only associated with white gay men. The difference in the HIV cases in San Francisco and Oakland reveals that HIV cases are higher in Francisco than Oakland. As a result, the HIV cases in San Francisco receive adequate medical attention compared to Oakland. The creation of awareness is critical in the alleviation of the scourge. Creation of awareness on HIV made many people to be aware of their HIV status in San Francisco. One can transmit the virus to another. In this regard, Nel Davis was at crossroads with regard to

The Continuum from Legitimacy to Fraud Research Paper

The Continuum from Legitimacy to Fraud - Research Paper Example Thus, the framework will only be used to the extent of four components of earnings management namely paper earnings management (PEM), real earnings management (REM), paper earnings fraud (PEF), and real earnings fraud (REF). PEM and REM relate to earnings management practices that comply with accounting standards and corporate laws in place while REF and PEF are earnings management practices that violate the standards and laws in place. Earnings Management Measurement The type of data used in this study shall be secondary data collected from the DataStream database. Such data is usually found from the financial statements of listed companies and therefore deemed reliable. Therefore, the issues of data reliability and validity for the present study shall not arise as no tools shall be developed for the collection of primary data. A number of approaches have been used by researchers to measure earnings management (Prior, Surroca and Tribo, 2007). According to McNicols (2000), three app roaches have been commonly used. These are: specific accruals, distribution of earnings, and total accruals. The present study will employ the total accruals approach which consists of both discretionary accruals and non-discretionary accruals (Dechow et al. 1995). Prior studies presented two approaches for measuring totals accruals. For instance, Kothari (2005) uses the balance sheet method while Jaggi et al. (2009) use the cash flow approach. Following Jones (1991) and Dechow et al. (1995), the current or total accruals can be defined using the balance sheet method as: TACt = ?CAt - ?Cash-?CLT + ?DCL – DEPt Where:?CAt = This denotes change in current assets in year t ? Cash = This is a change in cash and cash equivalents in year t?CLT = This is a change in current liabilities in year t?DCL = This means a change in debt included in current liabilities in year t. DEPt = This is depreciation and amortization expense in year t Collins and Hriber (2002) noted that the cash flow approach was a superior method than the balance sheet approach especially for companies experiencing mergers and acquisitions. Sun and Rath (2009) argued that the discretionary accrual approach is potentially ill-specified. This study therefore uses the cash flow estimation approach. Under the cash flow method, total accruals are estimated as follows: TAC t = Income t – Cash Flow t Where: Income = Earnings before extraordinary and abnormal items in year t Cash Flow t = Operating cash flow in year t Prior et al., (2007) noted that earnings management is estimated through discretionary accruals (DA) which are computed by â€Å"detracting the expected or non-discretionary accruals (NDA) from the total accruals (TA)† (p. 34). The DA and NDA can be estimated using the Kothari et al (2005) model. The model is different from the modified Jones model proposed by Dechow et al. (1995), and includes a non-deflated term that captures performance (ROA). Consistent with most empiric al studies in earnings management, the present study will adopt the modified Jones model. The argument for the adoption of this model is best described by Alghamdi (2012) as follows: â€Å"The argument of this study is that management may engage in earnings management via discretionary revenues by timing the recording of these revenues, such as recording them at the year-end when the cash has not yet been collected.  

Sichuan Province Earthquake Effects On Tourism Tourism Essay

Sichuan Province Earthquake Effects On Tourism Tourism Essay Sichuan province is located in the Sichuans plateau in the inland of Southwest China; it is commonly referred to as the land of abundance. It has an enormous territory and rich in resources and is one of the most ethnically diverse areas in China. This province has several historic and cultural sites and other natural and manmade tourist attraction sites. The attraction sites and the famous Sichuan cuisine normally characterized by hot flavor, and incomparable beauty make the province a wonderland that attracts millions of tourists from all over the world. Sichuan is also a major industrial region in China; the province has both heavy and light industries. Plans were underway of developing this region into a high tech industrial centre. A massive earthquake, the famous Wenchuan Earthquake with a magnitude of 8.0 on the Richter scale, hit western Sichuan, China in 2008. According to official figures, released 65,185 people were confirmed dead. Over 68,636 of them were from Sichuan province, approximately 374,171 of others were reported injured and scores of others missing. Millions of people were left homeless and a lot of private and public property destroyed, the economic loss incurred was approximated to be over  ¥ 1,000 billion. The earthquake extremely affected all economic sectors in the quake-hit areas and tourism was no exception. Study of the impacts of the quake on tourism enhances the hypothesis of tourism and more significantly serving as the basis for planning and policymaking. Problem statement The earthquake is believed to have killed 54 tourists in Sichuan province. During the period, over ten thousand tourists were stranded and over 30 flights and 300 vehicles used to evacuate them. The tourist industry lost over $ 7.24 billion in the earthquake. With regard to the contribution of tourism to the regions economy, there have been major reconstruction efforts after the earthquake. Destructive catastrophes, such as the Boxing Day tsunami in the Indian Ocean (2004), Hurricane Katrina (2005), the Wenchuan Earthquake (2008), the Samoan tsunami (2009), and the Haiti earthquake (2010) have lately put the limelight on natural disasters, with real time TV footage screening the events as they unfold. International media issue warnings to tourists to stay away, while local economies experience immediate and widespread impacts from the loss of tourism earnings, and endure many months of uncertainty before a return to anything resembling normal business operation. Tourism destinations are highly sensitive to interruption by natural disasters because tourism operations are reliant on functioning critical infrastructure, including electricity, sewage, communications and water; lifelines which are inevitably damaged and disrupted for a prolonged period following a damaging event (Ritchie 2009). Flow-on effects from disasters also include significant disruption to the supply and distribution chains of even the most prepared businesses (Lee Harrald 1999). Economic losses are attributable to a decline in damage to infrastructure (Laws et al. 2007). The interdependencies of the tourism industry have been one of its great strengths, allowing it to rapidly expand and diversify. However, natural disasters can produce immediate, cascading failures within the tourism sector that have the ability to reverberate within communities and countries for many months and years. This study highlights physical and social impacts of large magnitude earthquakes. According to Sichuans local media, reconstruction in the Sichuan tourism sector has been separated into three levels. The initial stage was trying to attract the domestic tourists to the quake hit areas, followed by focusing on local tourism enterprises to restore global tourism market. Finally reviving the entire tourism sector by or after the year 2010 and make it the leading sector in the region. This earthquake affected the potential tourists perceptions on the Sichuan tourism many still feel that the destination is not safe enough to visit. The Sichuans tourism agency has to spend a considerable budget to convince the potential tourists that the place is safe to travel and that the attractions are still as appealing as they were before the quake. Objectives of the Research Study The main objective of this study is to investigate the potential tourists perceptions towards the Sichuan tourism after the earthquake. This study has not been carried out there giving rise to the knowledge gap that needs to be filled. The findings from this research will fill this knowledge gap and add to the current literature. Findings from this study will also be very significant in identifying the determinants that can be changed to design the best strategies in order to attract more tourists and satisfy their needs. The Sichuan tourism industry is expected to improve services and develop strategies to attract potential tourists and make them feel comfortable in Sichuan. Specifically the objective of this study is to help understand the potential tourists perception towards the post-earthquake Sichuan tourism, and determine what factors are considered significant by the potential tourists wanting to travel to Sichuan. Conceptual framework Scott, N. Laws, E. (2005). Tourism crises and disasters: Enhancing understanding of system effects. Journal of Travel Tourism Marketing, vol. 19, (3), pp. 151-160. The conceptual framework above articulates a set of complete values for disaster management strategies, to the benefit of tourism businesses and destination bureaus. This model follows a linear crisis procedure that is pre-event, emergency, intermediate, recovery and resolution. It goes further to provide insights for successfully assisting the tourism industry and the government in putting up disaster management strategies. Strategic implementation comprise of disaster communication and control, stakeholder collaboration and resource management. The tourism industry should learn from experiences such as the Sichuan earthquake. The work of emergency organizations as well as tourism organizations become very crucial, while that of tourism enterprises is usually less critical during pre- or post crisis periods. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1. Historical background of problem area Tourism in the area accounted for 8% of county gross domestic product prior to the earthquake (Lim, 2009). The earthquake cost Sichuan province US$7 billion in lost tourism revenue (Zhiling Xianyu 2009). In contrast to the consequences of the Chi-Chi earthquake, tourism to the area rebounded in less than a year as domestic visitors flocked to see areas devastated by the quake (Lim, 2009). Government investment in the tourism industry in the region hopes to cash-in on the earthquake tourism phenomenon, with work currently taking place on the construction of a number of earthquake museums in the province, and a quake-relief training centre in Beichuan (Zhiling Xianyu 2008; Lim 2009). Local officials hope to increase tourism earnings to as much as 20% of regional GDP. One local Beichuan man describes his feelings about the earthquake; the earthquake was a catastrophe, but it will be good for the tourist industry (Lim 2009). The travel motivations of domestic Chinese tourists include o bserving the power of nature, to pay their respects to the dead, and to be reminded of the frailty of life (Liu 2009). According to various online news reports, as many as 19 million tourists visited Sichuan province during the National Day celebrations this year (Global Times 2009). The business of earthquake tourism, it seems, is booming in devastated parts of the epicentral region. Tourism disaster management Tourism is a deliberate and peacetime activity, is very susceptible to disparities caused by external environments that may compromise the tourist experience (Santana, 2003). Given that perception is reality in the tourism industry, a negative image results from a catastrophe of any kind, even if inexcusable, and will hinder potential tourists and lead to negative buying behavior. Globalization exposes the tourism industry to greater political, economic, social, and technological changes (Ritchie, 2004). Meanwhile, the butterfly effect further magnifies small-scale crises in one part of the world to other parts. Examples can be found among previous events, regardless of type, such as the Wenchuan Earthquake with a magnitude of 8.0 on the Richter scale, hit western Sichuan, China in 2008, and the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami (Santana, 2003). The negative impact of crises on the tourism industry is more significant among destinations that are highly reliant on tourism as their major sourc e of revenue. The world has become increasingly catastrophe prone (Coombs, 1999: Richardson, 1994) and all the economic sectors are on the edge of chaos, Fink argues (1986), Researchers have provided many definitions for crisis. Faulkner (2001) contended that crises are induced by internal factors, or actions or inactions of the organizations, whereas disasters are by external forces, comprising of natural phenomena. Stafford, Yu, and Armoo (2002) further classified external factors into physical, social, and human environment. According to them natural disasters like those that earthquakes and technological failures are affiliated with crises in the former situation, and confrontations, epidemics and war are allied with crises in the latter situation. Foreign visitors satisfaction Hartman developed a customer satisfaction concept in 1993 that consists of three constructs: the cognitive, affective, and systemic (Hartman, 1993). Customer satisfaction is defined by customers post-purchase assessment of service delivered and comparison of customers expectations and the actual service experience (Hunt 2007).This concept was further refined as the expectancy-disconfirmation paradigm by Oliver (2000), with four elements: pre-purchase expectations, perceived performance, disconfirmation and satisfaction. Several approaches to performance analysis in tourism satisfaction such as expectation-performance, importance-performance, disconfirmation approach, and performance-only approach have been used. In terms of travel, Moutinho (1997) notes that this post-purchase construct is primarily a function of pre-travel expectations and travel experiences. Similarly, Pizam, Neumann, and Reichel (1998) define tourist satisfaction as the results of the comparison between a tourists experience at the destination visited and the expectations about the destination. Tourism researches have been interested in measuring the overall levels of tourism satisfaction with their experiences in particular destinations as well as satisfaction with specific attributes at service encounter level such as in a hotel or at an attraction. Foster (2000) while another focus in studying tourism satisfaction is to determine satisfaction with a series of service encounters as experienced in a hotel, in a travel agency or in a tourist attraction (Macintos, 2002). Research interests in methodologies for studying tourism satisfaction have been comprehensive summarized by Kozak (2001).Tourism satisfaction with a destination has been examined as a gap analysis between pre-travel expectations and post travel experiences (Schofield, 1999). Based on the cumulative nature of tourists experiences, Scott, Tian, Wang, and Munson (2005) developed a tourism satisfaction model. Bowen and Clarke (2002) articulated a context Tourism satisfaction level can be attributed to different destination attributes including tangible produces and prices to intangible service quality and the friendliness of the local people (Ryan,1999). The deliveries of good core services alone cannot guarantee customer satisfaction, and overall satisfaction and repurchase intention are differentially influenced by the various service encounters experienced in a chain of service activities (John Tim 2000). Durocher (1994) argued that the speed of recovery depends on three factors: the extent of damage caused by the natural disaster, the efficiency with which tourism partners bring their facilities back online, and an effective marketing message that clearly states that the destination is available to the public (Durocher). Although the first two factors concern the short-term immediate response, the third involves a long-term continuous process that aims to restore consumer confidence. Conventional approaches to crisis management implicitly assume that the primary goal is to restore the precrisis equilibrium level. However, Faulkner and Vikulov (2001) argued that because of the lingering effect of a disaster, trying to achieve the precrisis equilibrium level could be a redundant (or suboptimal) approach with regard to long-term sustainability. The chaos created by a crisis can therefore lead to a creative process with potential for new configurations (Faulkner Vikulov 2001). In other words, the crisis can be an opportunity for innovation, with the launching of new marketing campaigns and development of new products through cooperation with industry partners. These new products and marketing plans should be tailor-made to attract identified key generating markets, because resources are always limited during hard times. Another important strategy is to nurture a healthy and positive relationship with the major media. From the long-term perspective, the restoration of customer confidence is the focus of post disaster recovery, and this can only be done by building a positive image of the destination (Santana, 2003). By inviting major media to visit the area affected, not only the availability of the destination is demonstrated but also the elimination of travel barriers for potential tourists.Although often associated with enjoyment, pleasure, relaxation, and safety, tourism is by nature an industry susceptible to variations in the external environment, including crises and disasters (Santana, 2003.). In times of unpredictable events, government plays an essential role in the response and recovery stages needed to minimize damage and bring life back to normal (Peterson, 1995). The reaction of government agencies and the tourism industry is a critical topic in tourism crisis management that has not ye t been fully addressed (Faulkner,2001). This study represents one of the first attempts to fill this research gap by examining the post earthquake tourists perceptions of Sichuan tourism. METHODOLOGY The study will be a qualitative research, as the qualitative methods will be more appropriate in understanding meanings and experiences relevant to the research. Quantitative methods might however be used if the need arises. Qualitative methods have however, been criticized for not having the scientific firmness. Some researchers have gone further in an attempt to provide systematic approaches to assess its quality. McInnins-Dittrich (1996), for example, identified several dimensions along with which the reliability of quality studies can be assessed: transferability, dependability, credibility, authenticity, and conformability. Guided by the above-mentioned principles, the research will recognize the importance of providing reliable, verifiable, and credible data. The research design will involve a mixed methods approach to help understand the potential tourists perception towards the post-earthquake Sichuan Tourism. To provide an in-depth interpretation of the aims, certain variables will be identified to ensure that all data is utilized successfully to reach the goals of this study, these variables include visitor characteristics, trip characteristics, satisfaction, factors that influence the visitors decision to visit a destination, and Sichuans tourism marketing image. These variables will be fundamentally developed from the examination of previous literature, and the needs for further research as expressed by Sichuan Tourism Administration. Data collection Secondary and primary data collection methods will be used in the research study. The secondary methods to be employed will include literature review, and policy and legislative analysis. Primary methods will include focus group discussions stakeholder consultations, and focused interviews with key informants, interviews with potential tourists in different regions and surveying the attitudes and beliefs across various regions. Survey Considering the questions to be answered by this research, a comprehensive social cultural instrument will be developed. Perceptions, attitudes, and opinion questionnaire (PAOQ) will be informed by literature review and the social cultural factors that are relevant to the target regions. They will also be scientifically validated before administering them across a representative sample in each target region. Using a likert scale, the PAOQ will be a self-reporting assessment of perceptions, attitudes and the opinions of the potential tourists that will be designed for both domestic and international tourists from different regions. The questionnaire will contain several sections: post earthquake perceptions, the attitudes to the Sichuan tourism, opinion on the required action to promote the tourist attractions. The researcher hopes to administer the questionnaires within group settings. Sampling method will be used for the PAOQ. The researcher aims to administer 500 questionnaires across the targeted regions. The questionnaires distribution will depend on the regions population with regions with the high population getting more questionnaires. The researcher also aims for 50-50 representation of the males and females. The key variable will include gender, education, socioeconomic status, age and rural/ urban. Data analysis The researcher will then analyze the PAOQ data using the statistics package for social sciences version 16. The given variables will be analyzed and their contribution to the topic measured. Frequencies will be used to provide the statistics and graphical displays that will be useful in describing the variables to be measured. Cross tabulation, method will also be employed to measure the association of variables. To investigate the possible gender effects, ANOVAs test will be used and conducted between the men and the women on all dependent variables. Differences between the childhood sexual abuse group and the non- childhood sexual abuse group in interpersonal, social, and dynamic personality will be examined using a one-way ANOVA test. The researcher however has the mandate to use any other data analysis technique depending on the kind of data that will be obtained from the field Summary This chapter has described the methodological approaches that will be used to investigate the main objectives of this study. Both objectives will predominantly use qualitative method but where need be the quantitative methods will be employed. It also explains how data will be collected that is through primary and secondary methods. Further describes the researchers survey. Finally, the methods and tolls of data analysis are fully explained research findings and interpretation will be discussed in the next chapter. SECTION 5: BUDGET In order to complete this research, certain amount of budget will be required and the estimate cost is as below: AMOUNT (AUD) ITEMS USD 400.00 Computer and Econometric Software 1. USD 300.00 Conference , accommodation and travel 2. USD 600.00 Data Collection , travelling cost , Stationeries and data analysis 3. USD 1300.00 TOTAL SECTION 6: TIMELINE MARC,2010-APRIL,2011 MARC,2011-APRIL,2012 MARC,2012-APRIL,2013 QTR1 QTR2 QTR3 QTR4 QTR1 QTR2 QTR3 QTR4 QTR1 QTR2 QTR3 QTR4 Candidature Proposal Literature Review Phase 1* Phase 2* Phase3* Thesis Write Up Final Touch UP Submission Phase1*: Data collection Phase 2*: Data Analysis Phase 3*: Thesis Starts to Write up

The Holocaust: World War Two Essay -- Socialist Nazi Germany Hitler

The Holocaust: World War II The Nazis and their collaborators accounted for the execution of over six million Jews in World War II. In 1933 the twenty one countries that Germany would come to occupy as a result of the war, were occupied by nine million Jews. By 1945 two out of three of these Jews were heartlessly executed. Adding to these victims, Hitler targeted social outcasts such as homosexuals, the disabled, and Gypsies. Poles and Slavs were targeted for their labor, and Soviets faced death by the millions as prisoners of war. Still more, political and religious leaders were exterminated because they were seen as threats. The Holocaust was an example of the terror felt during the Nazi regime. The end of World War I up until 1933 was a time of economic and political crisis for Germany as a result of this war. President Hindenburg looked towards the right wing group, the National Socialist German Workers (Nazi for short), one of Germany strongest parties to help the nation out of its rut. At the time the leader of the Nazi’s was Adolf Hitler. Hindenburg saw his potential as a leader and made him Chancellor, Germany’s most powerful position in government on January 30, 1933. In less then three months Hitler used his cabinet, Security Police, Storm Troppers, and the State Police to change Germany from a democracy to a dictatorship under his power. With his cabinet he rewrote the constitution and took away individual freedoms, the right to assemble, and the freedom of speech and the press. Hitler’s group of specialty officers arrested political leaders who opposed him. By March of 1933 he had so much control he w... ...s most shameful events, and the Nazi terror was so much worse because it was unprovoked. - Poltorak,A. and Y. Zaitsev. Remember Nuremberg. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1966. - Horn, Daniel. Adolf Hitler and the Third Reich. St. Louis: Forum Press, 1976 - Kauders, Anthony. German Politics and the Jews. Oxford: Claredon Press, 1996 - Nachmann, Werner, Nahum Goldmann, and Helmut Schmidt. An Exhortation and Obligation. Cologne: Federal Republic of Germany, 1978. - Lewin, Abraham. A Cup of Tears: A Diary of the Warsaw Ghetto. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988. - Lifton, Robert Jay, The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killings and the Psychology of Genocide. New York: Basic Books Inc, 1986. - Gutman, Isreal. Resistance: The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. Boston. Houghton Mifflin Company, 1994.

Introduction to Eavan Boland

Boland is introduced to us as one of the most important poets in modern Irish literature. She is commended for her interest in feminist issues throughout her work, in particular the role of women society. In her poetry she expresses a more accurate view on the contributions and achievements of women in Irish history. Boland's early poems were about domestic issues such as marriage and children. Boland also showed an interest in the role of women in Irish literature and society. In â€Å"Child of our time† Boland introduces us to the theme of motherhood and dealing with the evil of war. The features of the this poem are important to interpreting what Boland is saying, she uses end-rhyme. The tone of Bolands poetry must also be considered, the overall the tone is shocked, but that it is up to us to do something about it. There is a sense of deep hurt conveyed in the last line of the second stanza, ‘you dead’. The first stanza has a sad, regretful tone while there is anger in the use of the word‘murder’. The images of caring for a child in the second stanza are conveyed in a tone of tenderness. The background to the poem is that it was written in response to the death of a child killed in a Dublin bombing in May ’74. Boland may also have been prompted by a newspaper photograph showing a fireman tenderly lifting a dead child from the debris â€Å"Sleep in a world your final sleep has woken. † This is the final line of the poem and it is one of hope and prayer. The initial image here is of the child waking up in a world where it will sleep peacefully and undisturbed, possibly heaven? As a poet she touches issues of concern and hopes that she can make a difference she cleverly points out that it is the adult’s job to teach the child, but in fact it is the child that has taught the adults a lesson. We see a how Boland continues with the theme of war and violence â€Å"The war horse†, this poem was written in the early 70's during the violence in northern Ireland. The context of this poem lies in the title. the war horse is a powerful horse ridden in war by a knight. In the poem the war horse is a large beast that has strayed from the traveller site. At first you may think that the poem is filled with bloody battles but the first two couplets eliminate the likelihood of this. She is comparing the horse to violence in Northern Ireland. The horse intruding into the suburb she lives in, ‘like a rumor of war, huge, ‘Threatening’ is like the intrusion of violence into Northern, and to a greater extent, Irish life. Boland even uses such words as ‘a maimed limb’ as comparisons to gardens uprooted to make the comparison more concrete. â€Å"I lift the window† As the poem continues Boland describes how she is left to observe the damage, â€Å"Only a rose which now will never climb.. only a crocus its bulbous head† The rose and crocus have both been destroyed, but the rose is ‘expendable’ life will continue with or without it. We are able see what message Boland is trying to convey as she mentions the ‘Line of defence’ and the ‘volunteer’ that symbolise the rose and crocus. She is aware of having escaped violence and that she is now safe but she also knows that war involves ‘fierce commitment’. She speaks of a fear of commitment – a fear of the threat of war. Boland is making us ask the hard questions here, why should we care? Based on the above text it is clear to see how Boland is a valuable poet to Irish literature, she discusses relevant issues of the time and feels the need for change. Boland's poetry is its link to her life. This including of a personal perspective in her poetry allows us to use her biographical details to understand and view the poem. In my own opinion that her views on life, war and death are relative to all eras, even though the poems are about the troubles the situations can be compared to war world wide whether its world war one, or the war in Iraq, everybody can learn from Bolands poetry. For these reasons I introduce you to the poetry of Eavan Boland.

Analysis Of Communist Manifesto By Karl Marx - 804 Words

Since the beginning of civilization there has always been a clash between the upper class and lower class. Karl Marx illustrates this at the beginning of Communist Manifesto by listing out the relationships of social classes: â€Å"Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Marx 14). With these social ranks came forth the Bourgeoisie and Proletariat. The Bourgeoisie being the greedy, money grabbing upper class and the Proletariat being the working middle class. As all the European powers allied together to get rid of communism Karl Marx wrote this Manifesto to dispel the misconceptions that the public had towards Communism. The first chapter of Communist†¦show more content†¦The logic behind this goal is that for the working class to obtain private property they would have to work. To work and earn money/capital, they have to work for the Bourgeoisie. Therefore, the Bourgeoisie sti ll control the property. By eliminating Bourgeoisie controlled property the laborer is working for themselves, not the Bourgeoisie. The second half of this section in the Manifesto addresses the issues to communism. Opponents say that if there is no private property then no one would work because they (the lazy) would gain just as much as the people who work. Karl Marx argues that the Bourgeoisie gain more than the people who work even though they don’t work. Therefore, the elimination of private property will be an improvement in society. The next argument Karl Marx tries to reason is the abolishment of the family. As prior said, the family values have changed to money relations. What Karl Marx means by this is in reference to child labor, thus freeing children as products of commerce. The third chapter discusses the difference of socialist and communist literature. There were three types of social Karl Marx spoke of: Reactionary Socialism, Conservative Socialism, and Critical-Utopian Socialism. All three of which, according to Karl Marx, failed at reforming society because they were missing out on an aspect of Communism. Communism followed that there must be a rise of the Proletariat (missing from the Reactionaries), theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Karl Marx And The Communist Manifesto1618 Words   |  7 Pages Opening with the famous statement â€Å"The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles† is Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels’ The Communist Manifesto. Published in 1848, the political pamphlet exercised the belief that communism would dispel capitalism and perpetual class struggles caused by the bourgeoisie, which had remained unchanged as modes of production evolved. 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